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耶稣受试探在符类福音均有记载,唯试探项目之次序彼此稍有出入,马太将「万国荣华之诱」押在末后是要符合全书主旨。魔鬼是世界之王(弗2:2;6:12;林后4:4),致他有权能答应给耶稣一切的享受。在每项的试探上,耶稣总以神的话为他拒诱力量的泉源。
1.第一项试探(4:3-4)
马太称魔鬼是「试探人的」(diabolou,意「毁谤者」),七十士译本以这字为「撒但」的译名(参代上21:1;伯1:6-13;2;1-7;迦3:1-2)。魔鬼直认耶稣是神的儿子(「若」字该译成「既」,因在原文里,这是「肯定式」非「假设式」句子),并非建议他运用这身分的权能,将石头变成食物。这试探非如有人将之解作「非法获取食物」(如Morison),或「非法证明自己是神的儿子」(如J.A
T.Robinson),而是听从魔鬼的诱导,滥用弥赛亚的权能,满足肉体方面的需要。耶稣以申8:3对应魔鬼的引诱,说明他生存之导向全靠神的话所指示而活。多年前,先知阿摩司曾责备以色列人:「人饥饿非因无饼,干渴非因无水,乃因不听耶和华的话」(8:11),这是耶稣明白的,故他早立定心志以神的话为生活的绝对指导。
魔鬼首项试探的拣选与是时犹太人的传说有关。按T.W.Manson的考究,当时在犹太人中正盛行一个流传,谓在弥赛亚国里,饥荒与贫穷均消失,食物遍山遍野,故这试探欲使耶稣非在神的吩咐下行个「弥赛亚神迹」,而耶稣的回答乃显出他绝对倚靠神的供应(如以色列在旷野时),不用魔鬼「操心」(注76)。
2.第二项试探(4:5-7)
第二项试探的地点乃在圣殿的「殿顶」(pterugion,意「翼」,指「殿的一翼」,即「翼楼」)。「殿顶」字前有定冠词,表示一惯指之翼顶。据说「希律之殿」有南北两翼楼,南翼接连所罗门廊子,较北翼更宏伟,殿顶离地面约四百五十尺,旁为汲沦谷,翼顶更显峻峭险要。在此处魔鬼引诱耶稣从殿顶纵下,并建议他以诗91:11-12为根由,看看神是否会拯救他,但耶稣视此为试探神的手法。并以出17:2-7驳斥魔鬼。若耶稣此次坠入魔鬼的圈套,他便妄用了神的应许,如此怎能叫人信服他是弥赛亚?
魔鬼今次试探的选择如上次般亦与犹太人的传统有关。约瑟夫记当弥赛亚出现时,他会在殿顶显明自己,那是他出现的记号(古史,15:11)(注77)。神虽曾应许保守其弥赛亚,但非在弥赛亚接受魔鬼引诱这处境下,故耶稣的拒诱一面显出他坚决顺服神的心志,亦显出没有忘记他是弥赛亚这身分,这「弥赛亚身分」在耶稣孩提时代早已醒觉,现今表显无遗。
3.第三项试探(4:8-11)
魔鬼领耶稣至一座「极高」(hupselov lian; 和合本译「最高」)的山,地点何在只有他们知晓,这里可以眺望万国的荣华(及罪恶),这一切都可以给耶稣,只要耶稣肯拜他,但耶稣又以神的话(申6:13)纠正魔鬼,世间只有神才配受敬奉。
执掌万国的王权本是弥赛亚的权能(参诗2:7-9;72:8;赛9:7;55:44-5;60:12;亚9:10),但在这权能实施前,耶稣必先上十架,成就救赎伟工;换言之,宝座前有十架,冠冕前有荆棘,这是旧约多处早有明告的(如诗22;赛53;但9;亚9),亦是耶稣亲自说明的(路24:26);故魔鬼之诱乃是使耶稣戴上一顶无荆棘的冠冕,使耶稣走上一条不用十架便能荣登宝座的道路,只要耶稣向撒但表示降服,但耶稣己决志顺服到底,不为所动,魔鬼见三项诡计终不得逞,只有引退,另觅良机试图下手(参路4:13的「暂时」)。R.V.G.
Tasker谓,此后魔鬼不停地向耶稣续施引诱,手法不外乎这三类,约4:34「狐狸有洞之语」的背景是第一类试探;太16:2「求天上的神迹」的事件是第二类;太16:23「责彼得」是为第三类(注78)。
魔鬼退后有天使来「伺候」(diekonoun,意「照料」,在圣经里此字多与食物有关,如8:15;25:44;27:55;徒6:2;王上19:6-7(以利亚得食))耶稣,这是神的照顾(「伺候」是不断式动词,指日后仍有照料)。
观上文三项试探,每次剧烈无俦,但耶稣总能把守岗位,不为所动,不为所染,故他必能建立其弥赛亚国,只望神的选民以信心接待他。三方试探均与弥赛亚建国之能有关,否则如G.N.H. Peters言,这堆试探便全无意义了(注79)。教父奥利根曾说,这试探实在是「二王相争」,二王皆欲争取无上的独权,一是罪恶之王,一是公义之王(注80),至终公义之王不为利诱,大获全胜。
小结
由第一章起至第四章上,作者逐步指出耶稣的诞生是为了要应验神应许给以色列的国度,经过一番的预备工夫,耶稣己完全准备妥善,在洗礼事件里认识神对他的喜悦,在试探事件中认识顺服的重要及不能随意运用自身的「天赋」妄行神迹,下一步便是将国度献给以色列人了。总言之,1:1-4:11可说是「以色列的王来了」。
书目注明
注1: W. Hendriksen, The Gospel According to Matthew, Baker, 1973,p.115.
注2: R.H. Mounce, “Matthew,” A Good News Commentary, Harper & Row,1985, p.1.
注3: J.A. Broadus, “Matthew,” American Bible Commentary, American Baptist Publication Society,1886, p.2.
注4: D.A. Carson,”Matthew”, The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, Zondervan,1984,p.63.
注5: J.A. Broadus, p.6.
注6: A. Plummer, An Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew, James & Family Christian Publishing Co.,1915,p.2
注7: A. Carr, “Matthew,” The Gospel According to Matthew, Cambridge 1902, p.29; W. Barclay, “Matthew,” The Daily Bible Study Series, I, Westminster,1975(1956),pp.7-8.
注8: W. Barclay, p.3.
注9: H.P. Vos, “Matthew,” A Study Guide Commentary, Zondervan, 1979,p.19.
注10: K.L. Schmidt, “basileia” TNDT, I,pp.579-580.
注11: 参A.H.McNiele, The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Baker,1980(1915), p.1; D.A. Carwon, p.65.
注12: 详研此点可参 J.G. Machen, The Virgin Birth of Christ, Baker,1967 (1930), PP.203-209; R.G. Gromachi, The Virgin Birth,Nelson, 1974, pp.156-159.
注13: F.W. Beare, The Gospel According to Mathew, Hendrickson,1981,(c) 1987, p. 67.
注14: 参 D.A. Carson, p.79.
注15: R.G. Gromacki , p. 146.
注16: R. Niessen, "The Virginity of the ALMAG in Isaiah, 7:14",Bibliotheca Sacra, April-June, 1980, 137:546, pp.145-147.
注17: G.Delling, "parthenos", TDNT, 5:82.
注18: S.L. Johnson, "The Genesis of Christ", Bibliotherca Sacra,Vol.112, Oct.,1965,p.319.
注19: F.V. Filson, "Matthew", Harper's New Testament Commentary,Hendrickson Publishers, 1987(1960), p.59.
注20: 参M.C. Tenney, New Testament Survey, Eerdmans, 1965, pp.51-66;F.F. Bruce, Israel and the Nations, Eerdmans, 1954, pp.191-196.
注21: H.W. Hoehner, "The Date of Christ's Birth", Bibliotheca Sacra,130:520, 338-351, Oct-Dec,1973.
注22: J.Rosscup, "Matthew", Talbot Theological Seminary Syllabus 1977, p.12; David Hill, "Matthew", The New Century Bible Commentary, Eerdmans,1981(1972),p.82.
注23: J.A.Broadus, p.17.
注24: D.A. Carson, p.85.
注25: 引自 F.W. Beare, The Gospel According to Matthew, Hendrickson Publishers, 1987(1981), p.74; R.T. France, "Matthew", Tyndale New Testament Commentary, IVP, 1985, p.81.
注26: R.G. Gromacki, p.82.
注27: R.H. Mounce, p.15.
注28: 与 H.F. Vos, p.25同感.
注29: J.B. Lightfoot, "Matthew", A Commentary on the New Testament from the Talmud and Hebraica, II, Baker, 1979(1859),p.41.
注30: H.N. Ridderbos, "Matthew", Bible Student's Commentary,Zondervan, 1987(1950-1951), p.34; D.A. Carson, p.88
注31: H.N. Ridderbos, p. 37.
注32: J.C. Fenton, "Matthew", Pelican New Testament Commentaries,Penguin Books, 1976(1963), p.47.
注33: Ibid.,p.48.
注34: D.A. Carson, p.90.
注35: J.A. Broadus, p.22.
注36: W.LaSor,"The Sensus Plenior and Biblical Interpretation", Scripture, Tradition, and Interpretation, eds. W. Gasque & W.Lasor, Eerdmans, p.275 (in Carson, p.92); R. Brown, The Birthof the Messiah, Doubleday, 1977, p.92; J.I. Packer, "Biblical Authority, Hermeneutics, Inerrancy”, Jerusalem and Athens, ed.E. Geehan, Presbyterian and Reformed, 1971, pp.147-148;
S. Johnson, The Old Testament in the New, Zondervan, 1980, p.50;E.E. Johnson, "Author's Intention and Biblical Interpretation", Hermeneutics, Inerrancy and the Bible, eds. E. Radmacher & R. Preus, Zondervan, 1984, p.428; B.K. Waltke, "A Canonical Process Approach to the Psalms", Tradition and Testament, eds. J.Feinberg & P. Feinberg, Moody, 1981, pp.3-18.
注37: W.C. Kaiser, "The Single Intent of Scripture", Evangelical Roots, ed. K.Kantzer, Nelson, 1978, p. 125; E. Radmacher & W.C. Kaiser, "A Response to Author's Intention and Biblical Interpretation", Hermeneutics, Inerrancy and the Bible, pp. 433-437; T.L. Howard, "The Use of Hosea 11:1 in Matthew 2:11; An Alternate Solution", Bibliotheca Sacra, 143:572,Oct-Dec, 1986,
pp. 314-320.
注38: S.D. Toussaint, Behold the King, Multnomah, 1980, p. 55.
注39: M.C. Tenney, "John" Expositor's Bible Commentary, Zondervan 1981, p. 138.
注40: T.L. Howard, p. 325.
注41: B.J.Roberts,Some Observations on the Damascus Document and the Dead Sea Scrolls, p.370,引自K.Stendahl, The School of St.Matthew and its Use of the Old Testament, Fortress, 1968(1954).p.194.
注42: A.K.Robertson, “Matthew,”Everyman’s Bible Commentary, Moody, 1983, p.25. J.A. Broadus (p.24 )及 A.T. Robertson, “Matthew,” Word Pictures in the New Testament, I, Broadman Press, 1930, p.20 谓只有12-20小孩被杀 ;R.H.Mounce(P.12 ) 却说有 20-30人被害。
注43: 引自A.H.McNiele, p.19.
注44: S.D.Tousaaint, p.53.
注45: H.Alford,”Matthew,”Alford’s Greek Testament, Guardian Press, 1976 (1974 ), p.9.
注46: D.A.Carson, p.91.
注47: 引自 Robert H.Gundry, Matthew, A Commentary on His Literary and Theological Art, Eerdmans , 1982, p.58.
注48: A.Edersheim, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, McDonald Publishing Co., n.d., p. 104.
注49: W.Hendriksen, p.195.
注50: R.T.France, p84.
注51: T.W.Manson,The Servant-Messiah, Baker, 1986(1953), pp.68-69.
注52: R.L.Saucy, The Church in God’s Program, Moody, 1980(1972 ), p.83.
注53: J.C.Fenton, p.36.
注54: 参马有藻著,基要信仰概论 ,中国信徒布道会 1980年版第 312-316页。
注55: A.J.McClain, The Greatness of the Kingdom, Moody, 1968 (1959 ), pp. 179-286.
注56: C.G.Montefiore, “Rabbinic Concept of Repentance,” Jewish Quarterly Review, 16 :211,Jan., 1904.
注57: R.T.France, p.91.
注58: 引自 D.A.Carson, p.102.
注59: F.W.Beare, p.91.
注60: R.H.Mounce, p.19.
注61: J.A.Broadus, p.47.
注62: 引自 D.A.Carson, p.103.
注63: R.T.France, p.90.
注64: T.W.Manson,The Sayings of Jesus, Eerdmans, 1979(1937), p.41.
注65: 如 J.F.Walvoord, Matthew :Thy Kingdom Come, Moody, 1974, p.32:H.N.Ridderbos, p.53.
注66: L.Barbieri, “Matthew,” The Bible Knowledge Commentary, New Testament, Victor Books , 1983, p.25.
注67: H.N.Ridderbos, p.57.
注68: F.W.Beare, p.99.
注69: J.B.Lightfoot, p.55.
注70: M.R.James, The Apocryphal New Testament, Oxford, 1966(1924 ), p.6.
注71: D.A.Carson, p.109.
注72: W.G.T.Shedd, Dogmatic Theology, Scribner, 1891, 2
:333.
注73: R.G.Gromacki, p.117.
注74: R.H.Mounce, p.24.
注75: R.C.Trench, Studies in the Gospels, Macmillan, 1878, pp.7-8.
注76: T.W.Manson , Sayings , pp.43-44.
注77: 另参 A.Edersheim, p.135: T.W.Manson, Sayings, p.44.
注78: R.V.G.Tasker, pp.55-56.
注79: G.N.H. Peters, The Theocratic Kingdom, I, Kregel Publications, 1978(1884), p.700.
注80: 引自T.W.Manson, Sayings, p.45.
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