passage 1 Forest has influence on the climate in the local area.They provide shade and cooler temperatures inside forest environments during summer months than in surrounding areas.Fores environments also contribute to comparatively warmer temperatures in winter within the confines of the forest.The movement of air is restricted by dense vegetation in the forest.This reduces the chill factors and restricts evaporation of moisture from the forest floor.In contrast,large amounts of water are lost from plant leaves to the surrounding area,resulting in increased humidity in the air.This loss of water from leaf surfaces is called transpiration. A watershed is a region where from rain and snow is absorbed into the soil.A watersheeds because trees tend to slow the melting of snow ,allowing it to be basorbed into the soil instead of running off the soil surface.Trees aid in water absorption by reducing the depth to which soils become frozen.This allows water to seep into the soil sooner than it does in unprotected areas.The snow usually lasts several weeks longer in forested areas than it does in open areas.This heips to maintain constant stream flows.
passage 2 Silviculture is the art and science of tree production.It is a specialized area of study within the larger field of forestry.It is based on an understanding of silvics,which is the study of forests and forest relationships.It includes plant,soil,and animal interactions with terrs.Silviculture is practiced on the assumption that a forest environment can be manipulated to make it more favorable to the growth of trees than the natural environment. Tree farming is becoming much more common as the need for forest products increases faster than the capabilities of natural forests to produce them.Increased production of wood provided for the growth of trees. Silviculture applies the principles of science to the production of trees using modern technologies as tools. Silviculture that is practiced in an intense management system becomes very dependent on the use of specialized machines.In every sense,tree plantations become highly specialized farms where management is as intensive as it is for any other agricultural crop.Competition from weeds is eliminated,soils are tested,fertilizers are added ,diseases are treated,and harmful insects are controlled.