出埃及记——第二十一章

约拿

出埃及记第二十一章： 21:1 你在百姓面前所要立的典章是这样： 21:2 你若买希伯来人作奴仆，他必服事你六年，第七年他可以自由，白白地出去。 21:3 他若孤身来，就可以孤身去；他若有妻，他的妻就可以同他出去。 21:4 他主人若给他妻子，妻子给他生了儿子或女儿，妻子和儿女要归主人，他要独自出去。 21:5 倘或奴仆明说：‘我爱我的主人和我的妻子儿女，不愿意自由出去。’ 21:6 他的主人就要带他到审判官那里（注：“审判官”或作“　神”。下同），又要带他到门前，靠著门框，用锥子穿他的耳朵，他就永远服事主人。 21:7 人若卖女儿作婢女，婢女不可像男仆那样出去。 21:8 主人选定她归自己，若不喜欢她，就要许她赎身；主人既然用诡诈待她，就没有权柄卖给外邦人。 21:9 主人若选定她给自己的儿子，就当待她如同女儿。 21:10 若另娶一个，那女子的吃食、衣服并好合的事，仍不可减少。 21:11 若不向她行这三样，她就可以不用钱赎，白白地出去。 21:12 打人以致打死的，必要把他治死。　 21:13 人若不是埋伏著杀人，乃是　神交在他手中，我就设下一个地方，他可以往那里逃跑。 21:14 人若任意用诡计杀了他的邻舍，就是逃到我的坛那里，也当捉去把他治死。 21:15 打父母的，必要把他治死。 21:16 拐带人口，或是把人卖了，或是留在他手下，必要把他治死。 21:17 咒骂父母的，必要把他治死。 21:18 人若彼此相争，这个用石头或是拳头打那个，尚且不至于死，不过躺卧在床， 21:19 若再能起来扶杖而出，那打他的可算无罪；但要将他耽误的工夫用钱赔补，并要将他全然医好。 21:20 人若用棍子打奴仆或婢女，立时死在他的手下，他必要受刑； 21:21 若过一两天才死，就可以不受刑，因为是用钱买的。 21:22 人若彼此争斗，伤害有孕的妇人，甚至坠胎，随后却无别害，那伤害她的总要按妇人的丈夫所要的，照审判官所断的受罚。 21:23 若有别害，就要以命偿命， 21:24 以眼还眼，以牙还牙，以手还手，以脚还脚， 21:25 以烙还烙，以伤还伤，以打还打。 21:26 人若打坏了他奴仆或是婢女的一只眼，就要因他的眼放他去得以自由。 21:27 若打掉了他奴仆或是婢女的一个牙，就要因他的牙放他去得以自由。 21:28 牛若触死男人或是女人，总要用石头打死那牛，却不可吃它的肉，牛的主人可算无罪。 21:29 倘若那牛素来是触人的，有人报告了牛主，他竟不把牛拴著，以致把男人或是女人触死，就要用石头打死那牛，牛主也必治死； 21:30 若罚他赎命的价银，他必照所罚的赎他的命。 21:31 牛无论触了人的儿子或是女儿，必照这例办理。 21:32 牛若触了奴仆或是婢女，必将银子三十舍客勒给他们的主人，也要用石头把牛打死。 21:33 人若敞著井口，或挖井不遮盖，有牛或驴掉在里头，　 21:34 井主要拿钱赔还本主人，死牲畜要归自己。 21:35 这人的牛若伤了那人的牛，以至于死，他们要卖了活牛，平分价值，也要平分死牛。 21:36 人若知道这牛素来是触人的，主人竟不把牛拴著，他必要以牛还牛，死牛要归自己。”

约拿

三．其它典章（二—～二四）

1．关于奴仆的典章（二一1～11）

　　一1～6 律法颁布完毕，神便定立其它的典章，作为以色列人的行为准则。

　　以色列人虽然脱离了奴役，但是也有买卖或雇用奴仆的。人可能因为贫穷、欠债或因为犯罪而沦为奴仆。不过，神要求他们人道地对待作奴仆之人，不可视为财物，且若干年后要让他们得自由，无条件地送走他们。圣经承认有奴隶存在，却从不鼓励这种制度。

　　希伯来人在几种情况下成为奴仆：为偿还债务、因盗窃而作出赔偿、由希伯来人奴仆所生。希伯来人作奴仆，可以要求他服事六年，但第七年必定使他得自由。他作奴仆之前若有妻子，他的妻就可以同他一样得自由。若他在作奴仆期间娶妻，妻子和儿女便要归主人。

　　许多希伯来奴仆会认为一位善良的主人的房子，提供比自由更大的安全感。在这种情况下，他可以选择用锥子穿耳朵，继续保持奴仆的身分，自愿在主人的家确认自己的身分，这样他便有耳上的记号了。神不许任何人拥有一些男人或女人，作为他永久的财产。然而，却有一种例外，就是由于为奴者定意的拣选，人可以终身为奴，服事别人。这种拣选，乃是因为爱的缘故。这一种出于爱的拣选，丝毫没有可鄙的因素。这一种服事至为高贵。这是描绘基督的美丽图画。作完美的仆人，他因为深爱我们，他甘愿放弃自由，情愿走上各各他山的十字架。我们看见救主为我们这样付出，也当甘心作他永远的仆人。慕尔主教说：“我的主人，引我到那门；再次穿过甘愿被刺的耳朵。你的约束是自由；让我与你同在，甘受辛劳，并且忍耐、顺服。”

　　二一7～11 至于婢女，如果她的主人娶她作妻或妾，并且愿意履行丈夫的责任，到了第七年，她也不可出去。如果主人不喜欢她，便要许她赎身，但不可卖给外邦人。主人若想她作他儿子的妻，便得待她如同女儿。如果主人另娶一个妻，他也要供应婢女所需，给她好合婚姻的权利。供应所需可能是指居所而已。主人若不履行上述条件，便得让婢女白白的出去，不用钱赎。神设立奴仆的典章不代表他认可这些典章。他只不过为保障奴仆的公民权益而已。

2．关于人身伤害的典章（二一12～36）

　　二一12～14 第12节提到杀人者治死的典章。误杀罪却例外；若并非自愿受死刑，误杀者可以逃跑到神的坛，又或者逃到某些避难的城里。若蓄意杀人，神的坛便不作罪犯的避难所。

　　二一15～17 父母特别受到保护，凡打父母的，便要把他治死。拐带或咒诅父母的也不能幸免死罪。

　　二一18～19 人若争执时打伤对方，便要将他耽误的工夫，用钱赔补，并且付上一切医药费。

　　二一20～21 主人可以惩罚奴仆，但却无权杀害他。如果奴仆挨打后立刻死去，主人便有罪了；但如果奴仆过一两天才死，主人就可以不受刑，因为他显然不是存心杀害用钱买的奴仆。

　　二一22 人若彼此争斗，伤及孕妇，甚至令她早产堕胎，就算随后无恙，妇人的丈夫也可索偿，并由审判官断案。

　　二一23～25 关于个人受伤的典章，大致是“以命偿命，以眼还眼，以牙还牙”等。律法定出“以眼还眼”，只是作为判决的原则，并不是人际关系的准则，也非同意报复。这种作恶受惩，只是为了避免人使用残酷而野蛮的方式来互相报复，因为古代许多国家都有滥用私刑的情况。主耶稣以这个原则教导人不要报复（参太五38-48）。刑罚应当按所犯的罪判定；不可过宽或过严。处罚太严则不公，太宽则不能导人向善。实际上，除了杀人案外，所有案件都可作赔偿解决（参看民三五31）

　　二一26～36 人若打坏了他奴仆或婢女的一只眼或一个牙，仆人便可得自由。牛若意外地触死了人，便要用石头打死它，却不可吃它的肉。倘若牛主人知道这牛是野蛮的，也有人这样告诉过他，他也必治死。不过牛主人可赔赎命的价银。牛触死了人的儿子或是儿女，赔偿赎命的价银也一样。牛若触了奴件或是婢女，要赔偿银子三十合客勒，而牛也当用石头打死。注意：犹大以同样的价银出卖耶稣。相等于牛触死奴仆的赔价，可见他看耶稣的价值等同死奴。

　　人若敝着井口不遮盖，任何动物掉了进去，他都得赔偿。这人的牛若杀了那人的牛，便要平分两只牛的价值。牛主人若知道他的牛有触人的危险习惯，便得为受害的牛赔偿，不过他可以取去死牛。

[此贴子已经被作者于2005-3-17 15:59:46编辑过]

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Exodus 21 Ordinances for the People 1"Now these are the (A)ordinances which you are to set before them: 2"If you buy (B)a Hebrew slave, he shall serve for six years; but on the seventh he shall go out as a free man without payment. 3"If he comes alone, he shall go out alone; if he is the husband of a wife, then his wife shall go out with him. 4"If his master gives him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall belong to her master, and he shall go out alone. 5"But (C)if the slave plainly says, 'I love my master, my wife and my children; I will not go out as a free man,' 6then his master shall bring him to [a]God, then he shall bring him to the door or the doorpost. And his master shall pierce his ear with an awl; and he shall serve him permanently. 7"(D)If a man sells his daughter as a female slave, she is not to go free (E)as the male slaves do. 8"If she is displeasing in the eyes of her master who designated her for himself, then he shall let her be redeemed. He does not have authority to sell her to a foreign people because of his unfairness to her. 9"If he designates her for his son, he shall deal with her according to the custom of daughters. 10"If he takes to himself another woman, he may not reduce her food, her clothing, or (F)her conjugal rights. 11"If he will not do these three things for her, then she shall go out for nothing, without payment of money. Personal Injuries 12"(G)He who strikes a man so that he dies shall surely be put to death. 13"(H)But if he did not lie in wait for him, but (I)God let him fall into his hand, then I will appoint you a place to which he may flee. 14"(J)If, however, a man acts presumptuously toward his neighbor, so as to kill him craftily, you are to take him even from My altar, that he may die. 15"He who strikes his father or his mother shall surely be put to death. 16"(K)He who kidnaps a man, whether he sells him or he is found in his possession, shall surely be put to death. 17"(L)He who curses his father or his mother shall surely be put to death. 18"If men have a quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone or with his fist, and he does not die but remains in bed, 19if he gets up and walks around outside on his staff, then he who struck him shall go unpunished; he shall only pay for his loss of time, and shall take care of him until he is completely healed. 20"If a man strikes his male or female slave with a rod and he dies at his hand, he shall be punished. 21"If, however, he survives a day or two, no vengeance shall be taken; (M)for he is his property. 22"If men struggle with each other and strike a woman with child so that she gives birth prematurely, yet there is no injury, he shall surely be fined as the woman's husband may demand of him, and he shall (N)pay as the judges decide. 23"But if there is any further injury, (O)then you shall appoint as a penalty life for life, 24(P)eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise. 26"If a man strikes the eye of his male or female slave, and destroys it, he shall let him go free on account of his eye. 27"And if he knocks out a tooth of his male or female slave, he shall let him go free on account of his tooth. 28"If an ox gores a man or a woman to death, (Q)the ox shall surely be stoned and its flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall go unpunished. 29"If, however, an ox was previously in the habit of goring and its owner has been warned, yet he does not confine it and it kills a man or a woman, the ox shall be stoned and its owner also shall be put to death. 30"If a ransom is demanded of him, then he shall give for the redemption of his life whatever is demanded of him. 31"Whether it gores a son or a daughter, it shall be done to him according to the same rule. 32"If the ox gores a male or female slave, the owner shall give his or her master (R)thirty shekels of silver, and the ox shall be stoned. 33"If a man opens a pit, or digs a pit and does not cover it over, and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34the owner of the pit shall make restitution; he shall give money to its owner, and the dead animal shall become his. 35"If one man's ox hurts another's so that it dies, then they shall sell the live ox and divide its price equally; and also they shall divide the dead ox. 36"Or if it is known that the ox was previously in the habit of goring, yet its owner has not confined it, he shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead animal shall become his.